A
View to Turk-Bulgar Relations During Atatürk’s Period
Prof. Dr. Metin
AYISIGI
The famous epigram by Ataturk the Great, Peace in the
homeland, peace in the world, is a basic principle in what it makes all nations
to reach prosperity and hapiness and to direct them well advenced civcilization
era and in what Turkey reachs to contemporary civilization level[1].
With the aim of starting diplomatic realationships
among neighboring countries, Turkey
founded in
Bulgaria entered into Lozan Agreemant signed in 1923
by the parts dealing with Black Sea and the Straits. Turkey took important political steps by
supporting Bulagaria’s openning to the Aegean sea in the talks held in Lozan.
After Lozan agreement, Turkey aimed at improving
frendly realations with Balkan countries.
The sympathy to Bulgaria, Bulgarian bureaucracy, and Atatürk’s oficial
work as a military attache in Sofia during the first world war years pozitively
influenced the realationships with Bulgaria. Atatürk also has been closely
interested in Turkish monority’ proplems by establishing contact with Turkish
entellectuals[2].
The Period of Farming Party and
Reformist Policies (1918-1934)
Applications of decions held by Neuilly Peace Agrement
on protecting the minorities at certain degree pozitively affected the Turks’ education
question in Bulgaria. Some schools are
built by the state’s support, to solve finacial problems, some Turkish school
are ensured income sources, like fields, postures and groves in some
regions. The numbers of Turkish schools
have increased in this manner. According
to Bulgarian Statistic, the numbers of Turkish schools mounted to
After 1919, the self adequacy policy are
appropriated. The government established
the Farm Party in the result of the elections held in the same year. Alexander Stambuliski, the leader of Farm
Party, made some attemps to make land reform to come true and alone came into
power in 1920.
The Turks in Bulgaria helped to Anatolia via the
associations found among themselves and Hilal-ı Ahmer during National Struggle
Period. The Turks living in Varna, Eski
Cuma, Filibe, Karinabat respectively sent 40. 495 leva, 30. 000 leva, 425
ottoman liras and 16. 590 leva to the Anatolia[3]. In addition, Bulgarian government secretly
sent a famous representative of farm Association and a commitee with tree
mumbers, leaded by deputy Grozkov, to Ankara[4].
Stoyan Omarçevski, the minister of education in
Farming Party, has made an education reform covering the Turks in Bulgaria
started and was successful to a great degree.
A mentality Change in Bulgarian Education history was enjoyed by the
attempts of Farming Party[5]. A fund formed by the decisons held by
govenrnment and the mınicipalities was made to ensure subsidy for Turkish
schools. Also, Bulgarian was no more an
obligatory language, and Turk inspectors were assigned in order to control Turk
schools.
Lands by 5068 decare for schools in Sumlu and 2523
decare for schols in Varna region, totally by 7594 decare lands were given in
1921-1922 course year, and the same lands were distributed in 1922-1923 course
year[6].
In addition, Bulgarian Farming Party Government sent
general Morkov to Turkey in order to meet with Mustafa Kemal and get diplomatic
realtions started. Morkov has tree times
met with Mustafa Kemal in a friendly manner in order to solve the problem of
the future of Turks-Bulgarian relations in Izmir[7]. During these meetings, Morkov wanted Turkey’s
support about Bulgar’s openning over Thrace to Aegean sea. After listening the Bulgarian commitee,
Mustafa Kemal says that we easily reach an egrement with Bulgaria with no
invasion intent and that we need a friend country in the Balkans, for this
reason, the Bulgarians gives the best answer to our geographic, diplomatic and
economic needs, and that friendships between our people makes both you and us
more powerful and independent. These
thoughts were important steps in order to get diplomatic realations with Bulgaria
started[8].
The Turks in Bulgaria still remember the period of
Stambuliski government as golden era for the Muslims. This state man, knowing Bulgarian national
benefits wery well, accepts both the importance of good relations with Turkey
and understand that there exist no harm for Bulgar in giving freedom and rights
for Turks. During his administaration,
he regognized a wide tolerance for the Muslims.
After Stambuliski were removed from pover in July in
1923, Turks-Bulgarian realations came to
stop and Turkhis governmnent abstained with Tzakov government in diplomatic
relations. But the realations had
started after Western States recognized Bulgaria.
The good realations are the result of army friendship
in the first World war, sharing common destiny, need for farmer support, the
Türks being 80 percent farmer, important changes made in the favor of the
minority rights in then States laws.
The success of Turkey in National Struggle and
achieving the independence made the Turkish youth in Bulgaria very happy. In this way, many youth clubs with cultural
and sportive aims were founded and they became, in a shorh run, diffused to the
Turkish regions in Bulgaria. The name of
Turkish Sport Asociation in Bulgaria changed as a Turan in Varna Congress held
in 1926. Turan Asociations with Kemalist
doctrine were in a short time spread to unities where the Turks lived. As a publication agency of the very association,
the newspaper, named as Turan, was issued by using new Turkish alphabet. Turan Association, efective in forming the
Turkish consciousness and spreading the Kemalist thoughts, had been abolished in
the following year when eighteenth and last congress was held in Ruscuk in
1933. When it was abolished, the
Association had 95 branches and five thousand active members[9].
Changes in education affairs in Turkey, especially
alphabet revolution, being one of the biggest successes in republic period,
begin to be applied in Bulgaria too. After Republic of Turkey gave up using old
alphabet in 1928, Turkish Teachers Association in Bulgaria accepted new
alphabet and started to use new alphabet in 1928-1929 course year. The book with first alphabet is prepared by
Sukru Bey, a teacher from Filibe. This
book was published by Shikago Printing House in Hasköy (Haskova) in 1928[10].
Czar Boris says on new alphabet application as
follows: “This is Atatürk’s Thesis. The
Turks in our country sholud use this”.
Because of this, President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk thanks to Czar Boris
and Bulagarian government, going on saying that this action will pozitively
contribute to friendly realations between two countries, and it will help easy
the educational and cultural affairs for Turks in Bulgaria[11].
Turkey and Bulgaria Friendship Agreement
and Residence Permit Contract in 1925
An residence contract is added to the agreement
between Turkey and Bulgaria held in
Turk-Bulgarian Friendship Agreement
states that diplomatic relations are set up, as being created with the same
manner with the other countries. This
will be very sound and hormonious with the principles of laws between
countries. It also states an trade
agreement, residence contract and referee agreement will be made[13]. The Ankara Agreement, hovewer is old, has
validity in these days.
Together with a friendship agreement in
Ankara, a residence permit contract has been signed. The first trade agreement would be signed in
1928. The Neutrality, reaching an
understanding, judicial settling and referee agreement also would be signed in
1929 and these would be followed by the other agreements on different
issues.
Ankara Agreement together with its
extras and residence permit contract went into effect in the day of August
seventeenth in 1926[14].
After Tzankov government was recognized by European
Countries, Turkey had changed her attitude and stated that she wanted to start
diplomatic realtions. Turkish committee
wanted the problems which remained in suspense during the war to be solved in
oder to get diplomatic relations started.
But Bulgarian government stated that firstly diplomatic relations sould
be established, after the problems were solved.
In conclusion, Turkish government’s request was accepted.
The decisions on especially minority
schools in Turkey and Bulgaria, Turkish immigrants and the minorities were not
made in the meeting between Bulgarian and Turkish committees. Since meetings took long time, Mustafa Kemal
Atatürk felt no pleasure[15]. Finaly a conclusion was reached and
Turk-Bulgarian Friendship Agreement was signed in October
The Friendship Agreement with date of
October
After the Friendship Agreement signed
in
Türks-Bulgarian Friendship Agrement have made a
decision about the rights of Turk minorities in Bulgaria which The Neuilly
Agrement covers the rights of Bulgarian minorities in Turkey which Lozan
Agreement include. According to this
agreement, the minorities in both Turkey and Bulgaria could migrate by taking
their movable properties[17].
The neutrality, conciliatory, legal
solution and referee agrement Between Turks and Bulgar (1929)
This agrement made the connections established by Turk
and Bulgar Friendship agreement very forceful[18]. Agreement’s first section states that there
will be no attempt contrary to Friendship agrement which ensures peace,
sincerity and endless friendships. As
for second section, it is suggested that whenever there exist some attacks to
countries in question, the other will be impartial.
Friendship between Turks and Bulgars has never ended
in spite of friendship between Turk and Greek which developed after 1930 and
Balkan Treaty. This condition kept on when the German advenced to Balkan. The shared declaration issued by two
countries confirms the liabilities of the agreements signed in 1925 and
1929.
The Agrement (1929) comes into effect for five year
period. Although there existed a
condition that it would be in practice, its validity extended by five year in a
date (december thirth in 1934) when it
was expired.
Happenings after 1925 and the Turks in
Bulgaria
A
new era for the Turks in Bulgaria was starting after the farming party was
taken away from power by a coup. The
turkish minority had a difficult times thanks to fascism and economic crisis in
1929.
Economic conditions mostly affected the
Turks because eigthy per cent of them was living on agriculture. But what it is interesting is that Bulgar
government made out an invoice to the Turks by taxing and abolishing the Turkish
schools’ funds. To evaluate these things
and to make some shared decisions, The Turkish minorities held a congress in
Sofia in 1929. A commitee composed of deputies,
Mehmet Ali Giray from Preslav, Mehmet Sait from Eski Cuma, Hafız Sadık from
Ruscuk, Agusoglu Hafiz Emin from Paşmaklı, Ali Mustafa from Kırcaali, Hüseyin
Hacı Galip from Koşukavak, was determined[19].
Important decisions on the finacial
sources of Turkish schools and heavy taxes on Turkish people have been made in
this congress. In addition, some
subjects regarding opening Turkish Teacher School abolished in 1926, building
new schools by the help of state and municipalities, starting the education of
Turkish schools closed, teaching in Turkish alphabet have been discussed in the
same congress too. Turk-Bulgar relations
beginning with Friendship Agreement in 1925 lasted step by step after the
economic crisis. Likwise, some of
journalists, consisting of six People, among them Falih Rıfkı and Necmettin
Sadık were, went to Bulgaria and made some dialogs in Agust second in 1930[20].
In 1930 Boris King got engaged with the
girl of İtalian King. He was turning
with his fiancé by the way of sea. He
was to pass the traits and Marmara sea.
When Atatürk heared this news, He took action and got the needed
measures in order to meet the king with ceremony. If the king and his fiancé came to İstanbul,
they would stay in Dolmabahce and a war vessel would meet and greet the king
and his fiancé and they would be escorted until Burgaz offshores were reached[21]. This nice gesture made Bulgar people very
happy. The correspondence between
Atatürk and the king has lasted until the time when Atatürk died.
What nonaggression agreement was made
between Turks and Greek in 1933 caused Bulgar to feel that they took the aim
against to. To correct this
misunderstanding, İsmet Inonu together with a committee visited to Bulgaria[22]. As a result of that visit, the nonaggresion
agreement was extended by five year.
Close diplomatic relations Between Turks
and Greeks made the opinion of unity in Balkan a current issue. On these happennings, the first Balkan
congress was held in 1930 Athen.
Turkey, Yugoslavia, Greece,
Albania, Romania and Bulgaria participated to this congress. The
congress was held in
On the happennings between Turkey and
Grece made Bulgaria worried, Ismet Inonu, the prime minister and Tevfik Rustu
Aras, the minister of foreign affairs, visited Sofia in
The made bilateral agrements laid the
groundwork for Balkan Entente and showed how much Turkey was very responsive element
in balancing the unity in Balkan.
Cooperation in Balkan and Balkan Entente
When Turkey joined to United Nations,
she caused balkan countries to become closer and to cooperate. Because of this development, an agreement,
called as Balkan Entente, came on the scene.
The basis of becoming closer among Balkan countries is What Turk sand
Greece became close. While Turkey internationally
trıed to improve good diplomatic relations in the world, she was also doing the
same thing among Balkan countries. To
make the relations which were interrupted for a long time, Turkey made
bileteral friendship agreements. These
were egreement signed with Albania in Ankara in 1923, with Bulgaria in 1925,
and with Yugoslavia in 1925[25].
While Turkey were correcting her
reletions with Balkan countries,
countries in Balkan solved their proplems they shared. As a result of these developments, the
relations among Balkan countries reformed and an environment where there exist
some attemps in making cooperation came to light.
So, The first Balkan confernece wes held in Athen in
An friendship and nonaggression agreement between
Turkey and Yugoslavia was signed in 1933 when Turkish minister of foreign
affairs visited Belgrad. The reasons
Yugoslavia signed that agreement were the worry that Bulgaria had caused and
the danger that Yogoslavia had felt was created by İtalia by controling
Albania. As it easily is seen, Turkey
was axis in forming these bileteral agreements.
The all thing was the need to sign one agreement
because all three agreement had the same porpuse. With that agreemet, all sides agreed that
there would be no diplomatic agreement with the other without cunsulting to
each other and their borders were under security.
After these conferences, some decisions were made
about cooperations in different areas among Balkan countries, but the political
unity was not ensured. What Albania and
Bulgaria inderectly insested to change the stastus qua in Balkan made the other
Balkan countries became diplomaticly closer.
Especially foreign politic of Germany and İtalia after the beginnings of
1930’s made these cooperation became very poverful.
As a result, Turkey, who wanted the pace to be
powerful, signed a sincere agreement pact with Greece in Ankara in 1933[26]. After that, one documant which made the
agreement signed in Sofia in 1933 extending for five year signed with
Bulgaria. These were followed by
Turkey-Romania’s Friendship, Nonaggession, conciliation and refree agreement
signed in Ankara in 1933 and Turkey-Yugoslavia’s Friendship, Nonaggession,
conciliation and refree agreement signed in Belgrad in 1933[27].
In this way, with bilateral agreements which Turkey
made, five Balkan countries inderectly agreed, being the base of Balkan
Entente. Yet Bulgaria, who wanted to
change the Neuilly Agreement (1919) in her favor, liked to be excluded from
this alliance, although some countries insisted tos tay.
Finaly, in 1934, Balkan Entente was signed in Athen in
order to make the peace in Balkan very forceful[28]. The aim of entente was to protect the borders
and to get some measures against countries who wanted to change stastus qua in
Balkan peninsula[29].
The End of Balkan Entente
The unity formed in
With this agreement, Yugoslavia slovly became distant
from Balkan Entente and signed an agreement with İtalia, becoming nearer to pivot
countries. On the other hand, that the
government formed in Romania had no place toTiteluscu harmed Balkan Entente in
large measure.
Together with the entente, a secret
protocol was signed. To this protocol,
if a Balkan country came under attact from a NonBalkan country and A Balkan
country helped to Nonbalkan country, then all the other countries in Balkan
together would start a war to country in Balkan. But with this protocol, Turkey stated to
Russia that if there existed a war between Romania and Russia, She did not help
to Romania and the same thing was valid between Greece and İtalia.
Although Yugoslavia get the hormony of
other Balkan countries before Bulgar and Yugoslavia agreement was signed,
Bulgaria was in the first place in Balkan Entente. Then Bulgar and Yugoslavia agreement was
contrary to the spirit of entente.
Finally, Greece followed soft attitude against İtalia because İtalia
gained in strength. Small entente was
ended due to Munih Conference so, the events in 1939 pulled Balkan entente to
pieces.
Münih agreement, the cause of pulling
Checoslavakia to pieces, was effevtive in bringing to an end to small entente
too. The events in Balkan and in the World
after 1939 put de facto end to Balkan entente. Balkan entente, which held the
last meeting in 1940, could not meet again thanks to wars in Balkan.
Writings ıssued after Balkan Entente’s
Signing in Bulgarian Press
Alexander Gancev[31], who observed Turkish
military maneuvers, write these things
on signature of Montreux agreement in Slovo Sofia with the date of september
fourth in 1937:
The beggest success of republic of Turkey, leaded by
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, was the signing of Montreux Agrement, which had caused the
key to the Straits to be given back to Turkey, and which came after military
victory of Sakarya. That big diplomatic success was celebrated with
demonstarations in Ankara, meriting the joys of new Turkish Capital. Montreux agrement restored Turkey’s military
and diplomatic importance.
After Montreux, Turkey’s military and international
meaning was understood fully. It was
agreed opun that Turkish government had prepered these conditions, ensuring
political success. Together with Turkey’s judical possession on the traits,
Turkey nedeed to show that she had the straits that separete Europe from Asia,
being more important than the other rights.
She also had organized military power, making her to meet all diplomatic
problems in the Mediterranean. The first
aim of all meneuvers done in the thrace was to show these just mentioned.
Turkey, succesfull in getting some rights for her
minorities in Iskenderun event, although the French government patronize Syria,
had an important meaning in international political world, since she achieved
an active role in the politic of south Europe by entering Balkan Pact, and
since Ankara had effect on Asian countries, resulting the signing Asian pact[32].
Turkish government, which wanted her rights and
privileges on her neighboring countries to be reinforced, had made a big
demonstration in the front of her allies and all friendly countries in order to
show her political importance and great success. These were ended with gleaming crossing
ceremony made in Edirne and Istanbul in the presence of her general staff.[33]
One of Bulgarian authorized persons, who stated that
he was very happy in seeng Turkey’s all success, says like that: Turkey and Bulgaria maintains
the charecteristic ability and merit as in 1912-1913 as a anemy and as in
1915-1918 as a ally. It is certain that
these are due to relations, with matual trust and respect[34].
Newspaper, Timpul writes on the occasion of Balkan
Entente like this: For five years, Balkan entente has been signed. Since five year, Balkans were completed to be
den of mischief and powder keg which encourage dispute in Europe. With four allies signing agreement, the peace
was more secured than it was in any place in this part of Europe.
During four year period, the countries belonging
Balkan entente proved their joint effort in all events. The last official registration of this is
seen in Nyon Conference. The proposal of
Balkan entente is acepted as a base on this the last agreement.
Under the climate that Balkan entente had created,
Bulgaria and Albania, being excluded from entente, had some policy which was
moderate[35].
Slovo, newspaper of B. Cankof, former prime minister,
writes on balkan entente as follows:
Balkan cooperation naturally makes some limited
movements obligatory. These countries
are Forces to harmonize with present circumstances. In addition, the real intention which Balkan
entente had in his forming stage is not present today. Bulgaria, who had been excluded from that
entente, have showed great attachment to unity.
Bulgaria proves that she wants to live in tranquillity and she follows
sencere peace policy. We hope that this
reality is indicated in Ankara council[36].
The comment on Ulus, a newspaper with the date of July
twentyfiveth in 1923, cited from “
“… We understand the joy of Turkish people very well.
The agreement, signed on the shores of Leman lake on the twentyth in this
mounth, was the statement of merit that Kemal Atatürk has achieved for his
country. Serv agreement, apart from result
in losing some provences, not only caused the traits to be given to Greece
settled in Istanbul and Catalca, but also caused to Bogazici and Canakkale to
be left to the agreement fleets. But the
great victory burried the Serv and Serv was replaced with Lozan Agreement. Turkey again had the two shores of the traits
and Canakkale. Although she was
victorous, Turkey had to sign a special agreement which was threatening her
security and limiting her rights on the traits. This regime, with signing
Montreux agreement, was removed. Turkey
again obtained the rigth of defending the traits militarily.
The Great liberation, which started with military
victory in 1922, was completed with Mustafa Kemal’s diplomatic victory. But, a just liberation principle winned the
victory, meaning that the agreemnets not applicable changes with the
peace. Turkey did not benefit from
Europe’s bad conditions. Consequently,
she did not single-sidedly abolish the Lozan.
Turkey choosed legal way and put forward the problem of Lozan’s
agreement reexzamination by making United Nations’ nineteenth sections’
decisions to be rememebered.
All countries realted directly this conditions appricated
this way that Ankara government had preferred.
They welcomed to the diplomatic attempt in a very suitable manner. Then the Turkey’s thesis was morally
obtained. The internationally esteem, her alliances and friendships that Turkey had,
together with her minister of foreign affairs’a ability made very easy to reach
result obtained yesterday at Montreux.
The thesis,
directly related to Bulgaria from every direction and with international
importance, was solved at Montreux. But
two thoughts dominated the other and from beginnings these determined the
Bulgarian government’s situation. For
Bulgaria, one of these thoughts was that friendships and thurts that two
countrieas had were more importnat than Montreux’s decisons were. Bulgaria, a sea locked country, helped to
Turkey without taking account of her demand limiting the the traits’
international sea passages. We hoped
that Turk-Bulgar friendship would become more powerful after Montruex.
As for the other thought, it was morally in
nature. Bulgaria felt morally that Turkey,
under non equal regime which was established by Neuilly agreement, needed some
helps in being succesful from getting red of foreign control. With dominating the traits and making them
militarilezed, causing national security to be very strong, Turkey had equality and judical principle
victory. Bulgaria and the other defeated
small countries had a right to be very happy for that victory and they also had
the right to think that victory was like their own”[37].
The same newspapers, issued one day before,
translating the words of beardless Ivanof who said that there existed no harm
of Bulgaria and Yugoslavia friendship to any country, said ragarding
Turk-Bulgar relations as follows:
“Although there was no suitable conditions needed to
improve the relations between Bulgaria and her neighboring countries, but that
these conditions were certainly becaming ripe was beyond doubt, and that Bulgar and Yogoslavia approach was
not limiting factor in such a cooperation was becoming more and more
evident. We had no problem with Turkey
to be solved. Our relations were
becoming more and more friendly. The
Traits problem gave an opportunity to Bulgarian government to openly show her
confident and friendly feelings to her neigbhoring country, Turkey”[38].
The victory of Turkish indepedence caused Bulgarian
public-opinon to be direct to new Turkish Republic in the years to come. Many scientists and entellectual settings did
not hide their feelings on who Mustafa Kemal was and on changes that he had made. They stated their feelings in what they had
written. The leading one was S.Bobcev,
famous Bulgarian scholar, writing and deeply researching on Turkish Republic. S. Bobcev, before Turk-Russian wars, attained
for the high school and medical academy in Istanbul.
Educated in Turkey and with broad knowledge on Turkish
history and culture, S. Bobcev the first time traslated the new main law into
Bulgarian and written and made comments on Kemalist reforms in some
periodicals. About Young Turkish
Republic: “Turkish republic….taking
young steps toward reforms with every direction. Turkey, becoming new to
European standards, has given up external signs of being Asian[39].
Ivan Georgiev Altınov is of another Bulgarian scholar
who has writen on Indepedence Struggle and Atatürk’s revolutions. Being law professor at Sofia University, and
a reporter member of Bulgarian Scientific Academy, Ivan Altınov has written a
monography with the title of Sofia, The
East question and new Turkey, by taking account of Bulgarian the benefits. In this monography, he also writen on
Atatürk’s personality and plece affect of Turkish people in that struggle, and
giong on saying that: “ Apart from
peculiar quality, national activity in Turkey has this charecteristic: It
depends on one’s name from the beginnings.
This activity was directly under the penetration of Mustafa Kemal’s
personality, founding the nation. For those looking for a person affecting
directly to the World, I don’t think that there is no typical event in influencing
to the East but Mustafa Kemal. Her face
totally enlivens the national activity giving birth in Anatolia. Without her basic and certain motive, ıt
would be very diffucult to make some distinct initiatives with the aim of
overcoming dificulities united…” [40]
About purıfying Turkish from alien elements, being not
linguist, but educated in Turkey and knowing Turkisk very well, supporting the
renewals cultural in nature, St. Bobcev thinks that discarding the arabic and
persian words which has bacame property of turkish word treasure from Turkish
is not acceptable. He goes on saying
that it should be admitted that it would seem that it is exceeding the limit in
these attempts.
Conclusion
For Bulgarian scholars and Bulgar people, it was
natural to positively think on success in National Struggle, founder of Turkİsh
Republic, Mustafa Kemal’s personality, radical changes in education and culture
etc, and obtaining great success. Many
of Bulgarian scholars, who gave some information to Bulgar people, and pozitively
evaluted the reforms, were statemen who had jobs in state institutions,
establishments, governments and ministries, who were deputes in Bulgar National
Assembly, and who had the rights to direct the country’s national policy. They played very important role in the
ralations between the Bulgar and Turk too.
Turkey, having dificulties from minorities living in
her lands, being betrayed by them, putting to the end to the problems by making
the country to become Turk, declared that she demanded no land in nowhere even
in the Balkan.
Bulgaria improves the relations with a state, which
holding the way to the Mediterranean, which playing very important povewful
role among her neigbhoring countries.
In these days we long for love and matual friendship,
two brother and friend countres will feel confiedence in the future by the help
of friendship and sincerity in economic, political and cultural
cooperation.
Ø This paper was presented in Burgas,
“Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov University, Faculty of Social Science, International
Conference, Education Science, Economics and Technologies in the Global World”,
14th -16th September, 2007, Bulgaria
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|
Yenisoy, Hayriye |
“Bulgaristan Türklerinin Eğitim ve Kültür
Tarihinden Sayfalar”, Yeni Türkiye,
Yıl 3, Sayı 16, Ankara (Temmuz-Ağustos 1997). |
|
Yenisoy, Hayriye |
Atatürk ve Bulgaristan, III. Uluslar arası Atatürk Sempozyumu, C.I, (1995),
Ankara 1998 |
[1] Hamza Eroğlu, Türk İnkilâp Tarihi, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul 1982, 457
[2] Hayriye Yenisoy, Atatürk ve Bulgaristan, III. Uluslar arası Atatürk Sempozyumu, C.I, (195), Ankara 1998, 183
[3] Mesut Çapa, “Bulgaristan ve Kıbrıs Türklerinin, Anadolu’ya Yardımları” Türk Dünyası Dergisi, İstanbul 1989, 320
[4] Cengiz Hakov, “Atatürk ve Bulgaristan”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayını, II, Ankara 1996, 1273
[5] Abdulkadir Salgır, “Bulgaristan’daki Türkler ve Bulgaristan’da Türk Basını”, Türk Kültürü, İstanbul 1989, 309.
[6] Hüseyin Memişoğlu, Bulgaristan Türklerinin I. Milli Kongresi, Belleten, LIV, 16
[7] Hakov, The same article, 1274
[8] Hakov, 1275
[9] Börklü, Meşküre Yılmaz, “Tarihsel Seyri İçinde Bulgaristan Türkleri’nin Durumu ve Türkiye’nin Bölge Türklerine Yönelik Politikaları”, (http://www.bilginet.com/raporlar/bilimsel/bulgturk.htm) Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İnkılâp Tarihi Anabilim Dalı Dokyora Çalışması, KONYA.
[10] Hayriye Yenisoy, (Temmuz-Ağustos 197). “Bulgaristan Türklerinin Eğitim ve Kültür Tarihinden Sayfalar”, Yeni Türkiye, Yıl 3, Sayı 16, Ankara, s. 1782
[11] The same page
[12] Soysal, 253; Düstur: C. VIII, 2481 (1376)
[13] Look for the Turkish and French text of Turk-Bulgar Friendship agrement and Residence Permit Contact with the date of may thirthyth in 1926 and with the law of number of 847 approved by Turkish Grand National Assembly: Düstur, Ter: III., C. 7, S. 2481 (1376)
[14] Soysal, 261
[15] Hakov, 1278
[16] Stefan Velikov, “Kemal Atatürk ve Bulgaristan”, (VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi), Ankara 1983, 1873
[17] Look at İsmail Soysal, Türkiye’nin Siyasal Antlaşmaları I, (1920-1945), T.T.K. Yay., Ankara 1983, 255-257
[18] Soysal, 373;
[19] Memişoğlu, 313
[20] Memişoğlu, 316
[21] Bilal Şimşir, Atatürk ve Yabancı Devlet Başkanları, T.T.K. Yay., I, Ankara 1993, 23
[22] Velikov, 1874
[23] Rifat Uçar, Siyasi Tarih (179-1999), Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul 2000, 579
[24] Ibid
[25] Ibid
[26] Ibid
[27] Look for the texts of agreement matually made, Soysal, 435-446
[28] Look for the text of agreement, Soysal, 454-458
[29] Uçarol, 580
[30] Mehmet Gönlübol, Atatürk ve Türk Dış Politikası, Ankara 1997, 126
[31] Alexander Gançev is of military reporter of Slovo newspaper and reserved colonel in general staff
[32] Yabancı Gözüyle Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi; Dahiliye Vekaleti, Matbuat Umum Müdürlüğü Neşriyatından, Ankara 1938, 145
[33] Yabancı Gözüyle Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi, 145-146
[34] Yabancı Gözüyle Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi, 146
[35] Yabancı Gözüyle Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi, 188-189
[36] Yabancı Gözüyle Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi, 189
[37] Yabancı Gözüyle Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi, 212-213
[38] Yabancı Gözüyle Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi, 213
[39] Yenisoy, 183-184.
[40] Yenisey, 185.